Temperature Calibrators for SAE AMS2750F Pyrometry

Has impact on the Metal Heat Treating Industry

The recent release of SAE AMS2750F Pyrometry by SAE International has impacted the Metal Heat Treating Industry by requiring upgrades to their temperature measurement and calibration instruments. The TEGAM Model 945A thermocouple calibrator meets the requirements in one convenient and portable instrument.

There are many changes in SAE AMS2750F of which you should be aware. It is a complete rewrite. 

One of the significant changes was the increased resolution of temperature instruments. It is now required that instruments measure to 0.1° of resolution throughout their entire range. This limits the choices as many digital thermometers only register 0.1° up to 999.9°. 

Many heat-treat processes operate above this temperature and the increased resolution is necessary to properly set and adjust ovens.

For more information on the TEGAM Thermocouple Calibrators or to download a datasheet, visit TEGAM.com.

Increasing storage safety after mineral extraction

The water needs to go

 

 When companies extract minerals from the ground, they are generally left with a liquid slurry made of fine particles and water - "tailings". This creates the problem of storage. 

Excess water in the tailings can lead to a disaster. For the tailings to be safely stored, the water needs to go. 

 Scientists from Australia's national science research agency, CSIRO, are investigating methods of more efficiently extracting the water, and are using Windmill software to measure the expulsion of liquid under different conditions. 

Read the full story online at:  https://www.windmill.co.uk/tailings-water-extraction.html

WEBINAR: Temperature calibration - Overcoming real-life problems

Wednesday, August 5th | 11:00 AM ET

Subject matter experts Roy Tomalino & Ned Espy of Beamex are back and ready to help webinar attendees find resolution and efficiency in everyday temperature calibrations. Many technicians face the same daily challenges with the same difficult calibrations and processes, and may not be aware that there could be a better way!

To help you think smarter, not harder, this webinar will include: 

 * Live demonstration of loop calibration - temperature probe, transmitter, DCS readout

* Accuracy discussion

* Temperature coefficients discussion (ITS-90, Callendar van Dusen)

* Calibration hacks and workarounds

Attendees are encouraged to submit their personal "calibration nightmares" prior to the webinar, as we will be selecting a handful of entries to discuss and resolve during our live Q&A session.

Please email your submission once registered to: julie.wages@beamex.com

Register for the webinar

Can't make it? Register anyway to get the recording sent to you afterward.

Presenters:

Ned Espy Technical Director, Beamex • Over 25 years of direct field experience in instrumentation measurement applications • Frequent technical article writer and presenter at industry events • Recognized expert in developing best practices for calibration

Roy Tomalino Calibration Evangelist, Beamex   • Nearly 20 years’ calibration experience • YouTube sensation, Roy’s calibration academy • Technical trainer and advisor who has taught on 4 continents to people from over 40 countries

Moderator, Scott Jenkins Senior Editor, Chemical Engineering magazine • Editor for the magazine for over 10 years • Throughout career, has worked as a science journalist and communications specialist, reporting and writing on a variety of sectors

Halliburton and Technip announce subsea fiber optic sensing solution

Distributed acoustic sensing technology designed to reduce oil reservoir knowledge uncertainty & more

Odassea provides topside distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) of subsea well

Oil industry giant Halliburton and Technip FMC, which delivers subsea onshore and offshore oil and gas-related engineering projects, have jointly developed a system called Odassea, which they describe as “the first distributed acoustic sensing solution for subsea wells.”

The technology platform is specified to enable rig operators to execute intervention-free seismic imaging and reservoir diagnostics to improve knowledge of oil and gas reservoirs while reducing operational costs. “The Odassea service integrates hardware and digital systems to strengthen digital capabilities in subsea reservoir monitoring and production optimization,” states the launch press release.

Halliburton is providing the fiber optic sensing technology, completions and analysis for reservoir diagnostics; completion is the process of making an oil or gas well ready for production (or injection) after drilling operations are finished. TechnipFMC provides the optical connectivity from the topside to the completions. 

Through the collaboration, operators can accelerate full field subsea fiber optic sensing, design and execution.

Read the whole applications story online at: https://optics.org/news/11/7/28

PSC’s Capella Portables Excel In Glass And Forging Industries

Franklin Lakes NJ July 15, 2020 - Process Sensors' Capella Models C309 and C311 portable non-contact infrared thermometers have been received with great enthusiasm and unprecedented results by industry operators after demonstrations and onsite plant use.

Recent demonstration by PSC and evaluation by a prestigious glass manufacturer resulted in purchase of a single unit for the California plant and six more C309s for use in New Jersey. The Capellas had been evaluated favorably against the Ametek Land portable Model C100.

The adjustable focus optics, fast response time and small spot size along with 0.1° resolution were praised. A great deal was said about the C309 bright green laser aiming light. 

 Operators found using the adjustable focus laser to establish both focal distance and aiming point very useful, and noted that switching between the two sighting methods (laser and thru-lens) was quick and intuitive. Users found the laser sighting more useful than optical sighting.

The optical sight paths and alignment of the Capellas were ergonomically comfortable and beneficial for most of the measurement positions. Operators found the bright color displays made interpreting measurement data very simple.

Viewing of real time, peak, average and minimum temperature values simultaneously was very useful

Operators noted that the larger and heavier Capella units with rugged metal housings and rubber bumpers have a sturdier feel to them than the Land C100.

A Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility Study was conducted at the glass plant to define the amount of variation in the measurement data due to the measurement systems. Alloy temps and glass stream temps were taken and repeated at multiple locations. The study showed a 3.9% total gage error, which is very reasonable and indicates more than an acceptable gage error.

A major successful demonstration by PSC and hands-on operator evaluation at a prominent metal forging company in California resulted in an order for sixteen PSC Capella C311-0600-1400 instruments. This led to further success with the purchase of six more C311s intended for use in Nevada by an associated forging company.

The advantages of the 2-color C311 were acknowledged – they are not affected by dirt, dust and partially obscured targets. The twenty-two Capellas purchased replaced all the legacy Mikron/LumaSense portable Model M90R-1s.

For details call: 201-485-8773  https://www.processsensors.com/products/infrared-temperature-measurement/portable-ir-thermometers

 

First Ever Image of a Multi-Planet System around a Sun-like Star Captured by ESO Telescope

The European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (ESO’s VLT) has taken the first ever image of a young, Sun-like star accompanied by two giant exoplanets. Images of systems with multiple exoplanets are extremely rare, and — until now — astronomers had never directly observed more than one planet orbiting a star similar to the Sun. The observations can help astronomers understand how planets formed and evolved around our own Sun.

Just a few weeks ago, ESO revealed a planetary system being born in a new, stunning VLT image. Now, the same telescope, using the same instrument, has taken the first direct image of a planetary system around a star like our Sun, located about 300 light-years away and known as TYC 8998-760-1.

“This discovery is a snapshot of an environment that is very similar to our Solar System, but at a much earlier stage of its evolution,” says Alexander Bohn, a PhD student at Leiden University in the Netherlands, who led the new research published today in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 

“Even though astronomers have indirectly detected thousands of planets in our galaxy, only a tiny fraction of these exoplanets have been directly imaged,” says co-author Matthew Kenworthy, Associate Professor at Leiden University, adding that “direct observations are important in the search for environments that can support life.”

 The direct imaging of two or more exoplanets around the same star is even more rare; only two such systems have been directly observed so far, both around stars markedly different from our Sun. The new ESO’s VLT image is the first direct image of more than one exoplanet around a Sun-like star. ESO’s VLT was also the first telescope to directly image an exoplanet, back in 2004, when it captured a speck of light around a brown dwarf, a type of ‘failed’ star.

“Our team has now been able to take the first image of two gas giant companions that are orbiting a young, solar analogue,” says Maddalena Reggiani, a postdoctoral researcher from KU Leuven, Belgium, who also participated in the study. The two planets can be seen in the new image as two bright points of light distant from their parent star, which is located in the upper left of the frame (click on the image to view the full frame). 

By taking different images at different times, the team were able to distinguish these planets from the background stars.

PR Image eso2011a

First ever image of a multi-planet system around a Sun-like star

PR Image eso2011b

First ever image of a multi-planet system around a Sun-like star (uncropped, with annotations)

PR Image eso2011c

First ever image of a multi-planet system around a Sun-like star (uncropped, without annotations)

PR Image eso2011d

Location of TYC 8998-760-1 in the constellation of Musca

The two gas giants orbit their host star at distances of 160 and about 320 times the Earth-Sun distance. This places these planets much further away from their star than Jupiter or Saturn, also two gas giants, are from the Sun; they lie at only 5 and 10 times the Earth-Sun distance, respectively. 

The team also found the two exoplanets are much heavier than the ones in our Solar System, the inner planet having 14 times Jupiter’s mass and the outer one six times.

Bohn’s team imaged this system during their search for young, giant planets around stars like our Sun but far younger. The star TYC 8998-760-1 is just 17 million years old and located in the Southern constellation of Musca (The Fly). Bohn describes it as a “very young version of our own Sun.”

Links

• Research paper
• Photos of the VLT
• For scientists: got a story? Pitch your research

Connect with ESO on social media

Gov. Wolf’s actions are a "stunning act of petty revenge..."

Claims Rep. Frank Ryan's Op-Ed: "Gov. Wolf should not inflict harm on those he represents"

"He has repeatedly ignored efforts by the legislature to address the pain of the millions of Pennsylvanians for whom the economic toll of his actions on them and their families were equally as damaging to their health as are the ravages of COVID-19" 

 "Local businesses and non-profits throughout Lebanon County have struggled to survive throughout Gov. Wolf’s shutdown – and some sadly won’t make it, closing their doors for good. What began as a two-week effort to “flatten the curve” has morphed into a four-month economic catastrophe that has no clear end in sight." 

 "The curve has been flat in Pennsylvania since April. The hospital system has not come even close to being overwhelmed, and yet Gov. Wolf persists in forcing businesses to stay closed that could be operating safely in accordance with CDC guidelines." 

 "Now, Gov. Wolf is seeking to settle political scores. But he’s doing so illegally, as state law specifies how CARES Act funding must be distributed. While Wolf may be angry at Lebanon County for not following his arbitrary rules, he must still abide by the law and cannot withhold funds from our citizens no matter how angry he is that he was not obeyed".

 Read the whole story online at: https://www.thecentersquare.com/pennsylvania/op-ed-gov-wolf-should-not-inflict-harm-on-those-he-represents/article_2d3580c8-c82c-11ea-8e4c-475610d7dbf0.html#tncms-source=infinity-scroll-summary-sticky-siderail-latest

Pennsylvania Senate approves tries to limit governor's emergency powers

While House Votes to Help Open Economy

By Christen Smith | The Center Square

"Constitutional amendments meant to limit the governor’s emergency powers passed the Senate this week, officially clearing the first hurdle in the path to the ballot.

"The chamber voted 33-17 to concur on Senate Bill 1166, with four Democrats breaking from the minority party to support the measure. The vote comes one day after House lawmakers amended the bill to include language that requires the governor seek legislative approval for any extension of a disaster declaration beyond 21 days.

"It also specifies that a concurrent resolution passed in the General Assembly need not be presented to the governor in order to become effective – this after a state Supreme Court ruling issued July 1 determined current law requires otherwise."

Read the rest of the story online at: https://www.thecentersquare.com/pennsylvania/pennsylvania-senate-approves-constitutional-amendments-to-limit-governors-emergency-powers/article_36046366-c79d-11ea-a949-4f0a02e9d0a4.html#tncms-source=infinity-scroll-summary-sticky-siderail-latest

Meanwhile, the PA House has been active in improving the overall economy and limit the Governor’s powers.

The House approved two bills this week to give county officials with the guidance from the County Department of Health and Emergency Management the authority to develop their own reopening plans. 

The first, House Bill 2541, would allow the governing body of a county, in consultation with the county emergency management agency, county health department, county health officer or any other appropriate health or emergency management official, to develop and implement a countywide reopening plan for businesses subject to closure by the governor due to the spread of a communicable disease during a public health emergency.

House Bill 2549 would permit county leaders to move their counties to a “green plus” phase of business reopening, based on the specific conditions in their counties. Empowering local decisionmakers who see firsthand the specific circumstances and challenges in their communities would be more effective than a one-size-fits-all response when it comes to helping employers reopen and recover. 

Both measures go to the Senate for consideration.

Pennsylvania's COVID-19 Projections Strangeness

Non-Sequiturs in Action

Daily New Cases per 100k People by US State from the Johns Hopkins COVID-19 Resource Webpage

The claims of growing concern of statistical projections of increasing resurgence of COVID-19 in Pennsylvania has been made by Governor Wolf based on projections made by "his" expert on COVID-19 statistics, The PolicyLab at CHOP, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 

The Wolf Administration has used those projections (POLICYLAB’S COVID-19 RESPONSE) to tighten restrictions on the citizenry and businesses, much to the consternation of a great number of the Members of The General Assembly and potential harm to small businesses and the citizens. 

We visited PolicyLab's website and found that the projections were not available online on Friday the 17th of July in the early afternoon.

 Where did this new source of "accurate" projections come from? 

Why is Dr. Wolf not using the well-verified reports and projections that nearly everyone else in the country uses, the University of Washington's respected Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)?

Alternately, of course, there is the widely described Johns Hopkins Models at their Corona Virus Resource Center; it shows no evident projection of COVID-19 growth in PA  as shown in the figure above. This study, not a model’s projection, shows existing cases where PA has a very small uptick in a tiny case history list.

IHME has vastly different projections for Pennsylvania online at: https://covid19.healthdata.org/united-states-of-america/pennsylvania than that claimed by the Wolf Administration. It shows no significant growth projected in Covid cases, hospitalizations or deaths for the entire State whereas the PolicyLab has much more dire projections.

Which Model is More Accurate?

Interestingly, a recent publication of comparisons of the performance of several hundred statistical models used in projecting COVID-19 results is online at: IHME COVID-19 Model Comparison Team. Predictive performance of international COVID-19 mortality forecasting models. MedRxiv. 14 July 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.20151233. 

 Some of the finding are explained as follows: They "reviewed 384 published and unpublished COVID-19 forecasting models, and evaluated seven models for which publicly available, multi-country, and date-versioned mortality estimates could be downloaded. 

 "These included those modeled by: DELPHI-MIT (Delphi), Youyang Gu (YYG), the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Imperial College London (Imperial), and three models produced by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), a curve fit model (IHME-CF), a hybrid curve fit and epidemiological compartment model (IHME-CF SEIR), and a hybrid mortality spline and epidemiological compartment model (IHME - MS SEIR). 

 "Collectively models covered 171 countries, as well as the 50 states of the United States, and Washington, D.C., and accounted for >99% of all reported COVID-19 deaths on July 11th, 2020" 

(NOTE THAT THE EFFORTS AT POLICYLAB WERE NOT REPORTED BY IHME!)  

Spoiler Alert: "For the most recent models, released in June, at four weeks of forecasting the best performing model was the IHME-MS SEIR model, with a cumulative median absolute percent error of 6.4%, followed by YYG (6.5%) and LANL (8.0%)."

So why does Pennsylvania use a less-well known model in their projections, one with no statement of estimated error? Strange thing, indeed.

COVID-19 Stats vs Reality in USA

Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics" Mark Twain 

August 1898
Illustration by Peter Newell from COSMOPOLITAN

The early reporting of COVID-19 Statistics in the U.S.A. got off to a ragged start, with everyone pulling together to try help reduce the effects of the virus. Some states were apparently panicked for good reason; the effects were fast and serious. 

After a few months things got under better control and the over-hyped disaster effects were reduced, for example the Federally-supplied mobile and naval hospital resources were not as badly needed as originally feared. 

Then the politics began. 

 Despite all the massive and extra-ordinary efforts of the Trump Administration, his political oponents began sniping at him saying, in effect, that his administration, and by extension, President Trump himself, had mismanaged the recovery. They shout the same thing more often today.

It appears that, for whatever reasons, the majority of the US Media not only promotes those political obfuscations and lies of Trump's opponents, but also goes further to promote the negative aspects of the recovery and ignore for the most part the positives, especially in the statistics. 

Could it be that the entire US Media is innumerate? Hardly, they are obviously, for the most part, not numerically challenged but have a serious tilt to the Left. They clearly know what they are not reporting: anything that makes the Economy and Trump look better.

So, it appears that the Democrat Party and the majority of the US Media are willing to risk economic hardship for those least able to withstand it, making the US economy appear or actually become worse by closing restaurants, sports activities and schools before the November Election in order to decrease Donald Trump’s chances at winning re-election. That is far worse than just political; in my view it is an ethical crime against the citizenry, if not an actual one.

What statistical lies are being promoted today? 

Sample Statistics from WorldOMeters.info as of July 15, 2020

Area	Death Rate per MM pop.	Total    Deaths	New    Deaths
Sweden	553	5,583	1
U.S.A.	423	140,144	1,001
New York	1,672	32,518	23
Pennsylvania	549	7,023	42
Florida	210	4,521	112
Texas	125	3,625	154
Georgia	291	3,091	37
California	186	7,361	126
Washington	187	1,425	21

In Pennsylvania today, for instance, the concept that more reported positive COVID test results in one county foretells serious problems in other counties even ones 300 miles distant. But, Governor Wolf, who is a MIT Ph.D,, says we have to revert the entire state to more restrictive condition, despite the above fact and the additional ones that the death rates from Covid are the lowest in months with no significant increase evident.

CBS News reported the other evening that the herd immunity experiment in Sweden was fatally flawed because the death rate was an enormous rate of about 540, or so, per million of population. Yes, that is about 20% higher than the U.S.A.overall. However, it is almost exactly the same as the situation in Pennsylvania and lower than 9 other US States. New York State fared a lot worse than Sweden and has largely recovered.

The southern US states and California have not come close to reaching the fatality levels experienced by Sweden or northeastern US states, despite the fearful forecasts from the media.

Check the data on WorldOMeters.info if you have any doubts. Their reporting is timely to within about 1 day and presented in a format that can be readily understood by any adult in the U.S.A. who is literate. Both you and I can drill down to uncover a lot of the true data, at least as true and accurate as reported by those charged with doing so. 

Therein lies another problem, for instance in May, when trying to find the true data on Senior deaths from COVID-19 , I found a significant number of states, including Pennsylvania, that did not report summary demographics by age. Race, yes. Age, no. They do now, in totals, but not in percentages.

Thermocouple Calibrators Guide

By Fluke Calibration

Fluke offers a wide selection of more than 50 quality thermocouple calibrators. 

 Whether you're simulating thermocouples or calibrating thermocouples directly through comparison methods, Fluke offers the most comprehensive selection of quality thermocouple calibrators on the market, including thermocouple simulators, handheld multifunction calibrators, temperature sources such as dry-block calibrators and liquid baths, thermocouple reference Standards, and thermocouple readouts. 

Thermocouple calibration product categories include: 

1. Handheld thermocouple calibrators and simulators, 

2. Comparison calibration instruments 

 Their guide is online at https://us.flukecal.com/products/temperature-calibration/thermocouple-calibrators and provides an overview of their models and allows calibration professionals to quickly compare essential statistics like range, accuracy, stability, and depth. 

Consider bookmarking that page so that you can quickly identify the correct calibrator for your thermocouple calibration needs.

Related Temperature Selection Guides

Thermometer Probe Selection Guide

Thermometer Readout Selection Guide

Probe-to-Readout Adapter Guide

Data Acquisition System Selection Guide

 If you are interested in learning more about how to calibrate a thermocouple, see the Fluke Calibration Thermocouple Application Note Series or register for the Fluke Calibration Practical Temperature Calibration course.

New All-Sky X-Ray Map from eRosita Space Telescope

This annotated version of the all-sky map points out several galaxy clusters (e.g., Coma, Virgo, Fornax, and Perseus), point sources (e.g., Sco X-1), and extended supernova remnants (SNR). One of the most conspicuous sources is the North Polar Spur, a bubble of hot gas. Its distance is unknown, so astronomers aren't sure if it's a nearby supernova remnant, or a larger shell associated with the galactic center. 
J. Sanders, H. Brunner & eSASS team (MPE) / E. Churazov, M. Gilfanov (on behalf of IKI)

Read more online at: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/first-all-sky-map-j

WBGT Calculators

The Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is a way to measure the heat stress on a body. 

WBGT takes into account: 

 1. temperature 2. humidity 3. wind speed 4. the intensity of the sunlight (i.e. sun angle and degree of cloud cover) 

 The OSHA calculator estimates outdoor wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) from standard meteorological inputs. It uses the Kasten-Czeplak algorithm to estimate the clear sky solar irradiance (Sandia, 2012). 

 It then estimates WBGT via the heat and mass transfer algorithm of Liljegren et al. (2008). 

 This product includes software produced by UChicago Argonne, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 with the Department of Energy. 

 See copyright notice at the bottom of the web page: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/heatstress/wbgt_calculator.html 

 The University of North Carolina (UNC) also has a WBGT calculator and more details about the measurement and its meaning online at: https://convergence.unc.edu/tools/wbgt/. (Click on "What is WBGT"). One can also download a flyer about WGBT on the website.

The figure above is from the UNC website.

Here's a key fact about WBGT from the UNC website: 

 How does WBGT differ from Heat Index? 

 Like the heat index, the WBGT takes into account the temperature and humidity of the air. It also considers the effects of solar radiation (e.g. heat stress is greater in the sun) and the wind speed (e.g. heat stress much greater when the winds are not blowing).

Extreme Heat: When Outdoor Sports Become Risky

A 2019 Report by Climate Central 

Format slightly changed for easier online reading

Extreme heat index days—when heat and humidity make it difficult for the body to cool itself off—have been increasing in cities across the country.

Download this report as a PDF.

Summary

The National Weather Service heat index includes a combination of air temperature and the relative humidity to capture what it actually feels like outside (which is usually warmer than what the thermometer is reading). When the heat index reaches 90 °F, the NWS advises individuals to use “extreme caution” if exercising or working in the outdoors (and that’s for a heat index calculation that assumes a shady location with a slight breeze). 

 A Climate Central analysis of 239 locations in the United States shows that 198 cities have experienced an increase in the annual average number of days with heat index temperatures of 90 °F or higher over the last four decades, based on a linear regression analysis. These extreme heat days are now comprising much of the summer for many cities in the South and Southwest, while areas of the country that had relatively few summer days reach the 90 °F heat index in the past are now experiencing weeks of them. 

A “danger” day occurs when the combination of heat and humidity makes it feel like it's 105 °F or hotter. Nearly a dozen U.S. cities experienced an increase of at least 4 danger days on average since 1979. 

 Climate change’s impact is being felt throughout the world of sports as these extreme heat events become more common. On high heat index days, sports and heat become a dangerous mix. 

According to the Center for Disease Control, heat-related illnesses are the leading cause of death or disability among high school athletes. During hot, humid weather, sweat cannot evaporate as easily from the skin, so athletes are at greater risk of developing  illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke - the latter being potentially fatal.

 With an estimated 8 million high school athletes across the U.S., late summer is the time when many head back to football, soccer, field hockey, or track and field practice—and when parents, guardians and coaches need to be vigilant about the potential risk for exertional heat illnesses. 

 The increased intensity and frequency of high heat index days are also complicating professional and amateur sports events around the country. 

The July heatwave that affected Midwestern and Eastern states led to the cancellation of the New York City Triathlon, a number of running races, as well as horse races in New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky.

What is the Heat Index?

The National Weather Service’s heat index incorporates relative humidity with air temperature to measure what temperatures “feel like.” For example, if the air temperature is 88 °F and there is 75% relative humidity, the heat index indicates it will “feel like” 103 °F degrees. 

Relative humidity is a calculation of temperature and dew point; the higher the dew point, the more moisture in the air, and the more uncomfortable it is to breathe and be active outdoors. Humidity and dew point levels are critical to consider for outdoor sports events and practices because the higher the moisture in the air, the less efficient the human body is at cooling down. 

During exercise, the body heats up and perspires to release that heat. But the body can only get cooler if this perspiration or sweat evaporates. When the humidity is high, sweat can’t evaporate as well and the body can’t cool itself down as efficiently. 

To understand how “humid” or “muggy” it will feel outside, the dew point is an excellent indicator. A dew point in the 50s or lower  indicates that the air will be drier and more comfortable; when it gets in the 60s, it really starts to raise the heat index; and when the dew point is in the 70s or higher, there is a lot of moisture in the air and it will feel oppressive. 

 The NWS heat index categories are based on how the heat and humidity will affect a healthy individual:

• Heat index of 80 °F-90 °F: Prolonged exposure or physical activity could lead to fatigue and “caution” is advised.
• Heat index of 90 °F-103 °F: A person can experience heat stroke, heat cramps, or heat exhaustion and “extreme caution” is recommended.
• Heat index of 103 °F/105 °F-124 °F (depending on location): On “danger” days, a person is likely to experience heat cramps or heat exhaustion, and heat stroke becomes possible.
• Heat index of 125 °F: On “extreme danger” days, heat stroke is highly likely.

Source: Climate Central- 2019HeatIndex Report

PIP-II: the new heart of Fermilab

 

 The PIP-II project PIP-II is an essential upgrade of Fermilab’s particle accelerator complex and includes the construction of a 215-meter-long linear particle accelerator. It is the first U.S. particle accelerator project with significant contributions from international partners. 

 Research institutions in France, India, Italy and the UK will build major components of the new particle accelerator. PIP-II will become the new heart of the Fermilab accelerator complex. Its high-intensity proton beams will provide a flexible platform for the long-term future of the Fermilab accelerator complex and the U.S. accelerator-based particle physics program. 

 The upgrade will enable Fermilab’s accelerator complex to generate an unprecedented stream of neutrinos—subtle, subatomic particles that could hold the key to understanding the universe’s evolution—by creating the world’s most intense high-energy neutrino beams. 

This capability positions Fermilab to be the world leader in accelerator-based neutrino research. It enables the scientific program for the international, Fermilab-hosted Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) and Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF). http://www.fnal.gov/dune